Nitrosamines: Economics of the Unknown
Authors:
- Erik Rosenfeldt, Mark Bishop, and Ben Stanford - Hazen and Sawyer
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As utilities evaluate Stage 2 DBPR compliance options, they’re faced with several options for reducing trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).
DBP-control strategies range from making operational changes to coagulation and chlorination to using chloramines or adding granular activated carbon (GAC) and ion exchange for total organic carbon (TOC) removal.
One of the least-expensive options, implementing monochloramine for residual disinfection, is often effective for reducing THMs and HAAs, although it may be detrimental concerning nitrosamine formation.
Since the Stage 1 DBPR was enacted, the percentage of utilities using chloramines for secondary disinfection has risen to about 30 percent, so there’s some concern that control strategies for Stage 2 DBPR may result in future regulatory noncompliance.
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